@
dancingtongue this gives a lengthy discussion:
AI Overview
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Ukraine country profile - BBC News
Ukraine's history as a nation emerged from Kievan Rus' (8th-13th centuries), fragmented under Lithuania, Poland, and the Russian Empire, saw brief independence (1917-1920) after the Russian Revolution, became the Ukrainian SSR within the Soviet Union (1922-1991) enduring famine (Holodomor) and war, and finally achieved full independence in 1991, transitioning to democracy but facing ongoing conflict, particularly Russia's full-scale invasion in 2022.
Early Roots & Fragmentation
Kievan Rus' (9th-13th Centuries): The East Slavic state centered in Kyiv, considered the cradle of Ukrainian, Russian, and Belarusian identity, was a powerful medieval entity.
Mongol Invasions & Foreign Rule (13th-17th Centuries): After the Mongol conquest, Ukrainian lands were absorbed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, forming the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Cossack Era & Russian Domination
Cossack Hetmanate (17th Century): Ukrainian Cossacks established a semi-autonomous state, the Zaporizhian Host, rebelling against Polish rule.
Treaty of Pereyaslav (1654): Cossacks pledged allegiance to the Russian Tsar, leading to increasing Russian control.
Russian Empire Annexation (Late 18th Century): Through partitions of Poland and annexation of Crimea, most of Ukraine fell under Russian rule.
Struggle for Identity & Soviet Era
Ukrainian Revival (18th-19th Centuries): A distinct Ukrainian national consciousness grew, influenced by European nationalism.
Ukrainian People's Republic (1917-1920): Brief independence was declared after the Russian Revolution but was crushed by the Bolsheviks.
Ukrainian SSR (1922-1991): Ukraine became a founding republic of the USSR, suffering devastating man-made famines (Holodomor) and immense destruction in World War II.
Independence & Modern Conflicts
Independence (1991): As the USSR dissolved, Ukraine overwhelmingly voted for independence, becoming a sovereign nation.
Orange Revolution (2004-2005): Mass protests led to pro-Western reforms.
Euromaidan Revolution & Russian Aggression (2014): Ousting a pro-Russian president triggered Russia's annexation of Crimea and the start of war in the Donbas.
Full-Scale Invasion (2022): Russia launched a full-scale invasion, which Ukraine has fiercely resisted, leading to ongoing war and a deep national identity forged in resistance.