Why did dinosaurs and other similar creatures become extinct?
What wiped them all out? Was there a primitive nuclear war or something?
36-40, F
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okaybut · 56-60, M
They think it was a meteor. And kind of like a primitive nuclear war.
"The Chicxulub impactor had an estimated diameter of 11–81 kilometers (6.8–50.3 mi), and delivered an estimated energy of 21–921 billion Hiroshima A-bombs (between {\displaystyle 1.3\times 10^{24}}{\displaystyle 1.3\times 10^{24}} and {\displaystyle 5.8\times 10^{25}}{\displaystyle 5.8\times 10^{25}} joules, or 1.3–58 yottajoules).[2] For comparison, this is ~100 million times the energy released by the Tsar Bomba, a thermonuclear device ("H-bomb") that remains the most powerful man-made explosive ever detonated, which released 210 petajoules ({\displaystyle 2.1\times 10^{17}}{\displaystyle 2.1\times 10^{17}} joules, or 50 megatons TNT).[22] The impact created a hole 100 kilometers (62 mi) wide and 30 kilometers (19 mi) deep, leaving a crater mainly under the sea and covered by 600 meters (2,000 ft) of sediment by the 21st century.[23]"
"The Chicxulub impactor had an estimated diameter of 11–81 kilometers (6.8–50.3 mi), and delivered an estimated energy of 21–921 billion Hiroshima A-bombs (between {\displaystyle 1.3\times 10^{24}}{\displaystyle 1.3\times 10^{24}} and {\displaystyle 5.8\times 10^{25}}{\displaystyle 5.8\times 10^{25}} joules, or 1.3–58 yottajoules).[2] For comparison, this is ~100 million times the energy released by the Tsar Bomba, a thermonuclear device ("H-bomb") that remains the most powerful man-made explosive ever detonated, which released 210 petajoules ({\displaystyle 2.1\times 10^{17}}{\displaystyle 2.1\times 10^{17}} joules, or 50 megatons TNT).[22] The impact created a hole 100 kilometers (62 mi) wide and 30 kilometers (19 mi) deep, leaving a crater mainly under the sea and covered by 600 meters (2,000 ft) of sediment by the 21st century.[23]"
okaybut · 56-60, M
@Crazychick https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicxulub_crater
References
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Durand-Manterola, H. J.; Cordero-Tercero, G. (2014). "Assessments of the energy, mass and size of the Chicxulub Impactor". arXiv:1403.6391 [astro-ph.EP].
Renne, P. R.; Deino, A. L.; Hilgen, F. J.; Kuiper, K. F.; Mark, D. F.; Mitchell, W. S.; Morgan, L. E.; Mundil, R.; Smit, J. (2013). "Time Scales of Critical Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary" (PDF). Science. 339 (6120): 684–687. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..684R. doi:10.1126/science.1230492. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 23393261.
"Chicxulub". Earth Impact Database. Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
Penfield, Glen (2019). "Unlikely Impact". AAPG Explorer. 40 (12): 20–23. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
St. Fleur, Nicholas (November 17, 2016). "Drilling Into the Chicxulub Crater, Ground Zero of the Dinosaur Extinction". The New York Times. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
Becker, Luann (2002). "Repeated Blows" (PDF). Scientific American. 286 (3): 76–83. Bibcode:2002SciAm.286c..76B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0302-76. PMID 11857903. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
Kornel, Katherine (September 10, 2019). "A New Timeline of the Day the Dinosaurs Began to Die Out – By drilling into the Chicxulub crater, scientists assembled a record of what happened just after the asteroid impact". The New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
Verschuur, 20–21.
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Verschuur, 20.
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Hildebrand interview.
Pope, Baines, et al.
Sharpton & Marin.
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Melosh, interview.
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Pope, Ocampo, et al.
Lomax, B.; Beerling D.; Upchurch Jr. G.; Otto-Bliesner B. (2001). "Rapid (10-yr) recovery of terrestrial productivity in a simulation study of the terminal Cretaceous impact event". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 192 (2): 137–144. Bibcode:2001E&PSL.192..137L. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00447-2.
Marc Airhart (January 1, 2008). "Seismic Images Show Dinosaur-Killing Meteor Made Bigger Splash".
Winemiller, Terance L. (2007), The Chicxulub Meteor Impact and Ancient Locational Decisions On the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico: the Application of Remote Sensing, GIS, and GPS in Settlement Pattern Studies (PDF), Tampa, Florida: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, retrieved October 2, 2012
Hildebrand, Penfield, et al.; 1.
Hildebrand, Penfield, et al.; 3.
Hildebrand, Penfield, et al.; 4.
"Meteor Impact Site – Earth: The biography". National Geographic. July 11, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Kring, "Discovering the Crater".
Sigurdsson.
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Plotner, Tammy (2011). "Did Asteroid Baptistina Kill the Dinosaurs? Think other WISE..." Universe Today. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
Reuters Editorial (February 2, 2010). "Smashed asteroids may be related to dinosaur killer". Reuters.
Alvarez, W. interview.
Schulte, et al., 2010
Rincon.
Renne, Paul (February 8, 2013). "Time Scales of Critical Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary" (PDF). Science. 339 (6120): 684–7. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..684R. doi:10.1126/science.1230492. PMID 23393261.
Kring, "Environment Consequences".
Keller, et al.
Alvarez.
Web Elements.
Quivx.
Mayell.
Kyte, Frank T.; Zhiming Zhou; John T. Wasson (1981). "High noble metal concentrations in a late Pliocene sediment". Nature. 292 (5822): 417–420. Bibcode:1981Natur.292..417K. doi:10.1038/292417a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
Gersonde, R.; F. T. Kyte; T. Frederichs; U. Bleil; H. W. Schenke; G. Kuhn (2005). "The late Pliocene impact of the Eltanin asteroid into the Southern Ocean – Documentation and environmental consequences" (PDF). Geophysical Research Abstracts. European Geosciences Union. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
"Stunning discovery offers glimpse of minutes following 'dinosaur-killer' Chicxulub impact". March 29, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
Broad, William J.; Chang, Kenneth (March 29, 2019). "Fossil Site Reveals Day That Meteor Hit Earth and, Maybe, Wiped Out Dinosaurs". The New York Times.
Riddle, Dawne (December 2009). "Silverpit "not crater"". Geological Society of London. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
Stewart, Allen.
Kelley, Gurov.
Stewart.
Mullen, "Multiple Impacts".
"Mass extinctions: I am become Death, destroyer of worlds". The Economist. October 22, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
Mullen, "Shiva".
Weisstein.
Than.
Dunham.
de Régules, Sergio (September 2015). "Revisiting the crater of doom". Physics World. 28 (9): 33–36. Bibcode:2015PhyW...28i..33D. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/28/9/35.
"ESO – Chicxulub K-Pg Impact Crater Expedition 364". Archived from the original on May 10, 2016.
"ICDP Homepage". www.icdp-online.org.
Amos, Jonathan (May 25, 2016). "Chicxulub 'dinosaur' crater drill project declared a success". BBC News. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
"DOSECC High Quality Core Drilling & Exploration Services".
"Liftboat Myrtle – Self-Elevating Vessel – Offshore Liftboat Services – Montco Offshore Liftboats".
"ESO – Chicxulub K-Pg Impact Crater Expedition 364". Archived from the original on May 10, 2016.
Amos, Jonathan (April 5, 2016). "Project to drill into 'dinosaur crater' gets under way". BBC News. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
Chicxulub and the Exploration of Large Peak-Ring Impact Craters through Scientific Drilling (PDF). David A. Kring, Philippe Claeys, Sean P.S. Gulick, Joanna V. Morgan, and Gareth S. Collins. The Geological Society of America. 2017.
St. Fleur, Nicholas (November 17, 2016). "Drilling Into the Chicxulub Crater, Ground Zero of the Dinosaur Extinction". The New York Times.
Hand, Eric (November 17, 2016). "Updated: Drilling of dinosaur-killing impact crater explains buried circular hills". Scientific American. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
Probing the impact-generated hydrothermal system in the peak ring of the Chicxulub crater and its potential as a habitat. (PDF) Barry J. Shaulis, Ulrich Riller, Charles Cockell, Marco J., and L. Coolen. Lunar and Planetary Science XLVIII (2017)
The Day the Dinosaurs Died, BBC2 television, July 1, 2017, 6 to 7 pm
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Further reading
Schulte, P.; Alegret, L.; Arenillas, I.; et al. (2010). "The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary" (PDF). Science. 327 (5970): 1214–18. Bibcode:2010Sci...327.1214S. doi:10.1126/science.1177265. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 20203042. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 9, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
External links
Media related to Chicxulub crater at Wikimedia Commons
Chicxulub Crater
Numerous sinkholes (Cenotes) marked around Chicxulub crater. Opens in Google Earth
NASA JPL: "A 'Smoking Gun' for Dinosaur Extinction", March 6, 2003
Chicxulub: Variations in the magnitude of the gravity field at sea level image (Lunar and Planetary Institute, USRA)
"Doubts On Dinosaurs" – Scientific American
Papers and presentations resulting from the 2016 Chicxulub drilling project
References
"PIA03379: Shaded Relief with Height as Color, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico". Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. NASA. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
Durand-Manterola, H. J.; Cordero-Tercero, G. (2014). "Assessments of the energy, mass and size of the Chicxulub Impactor". arXiv:1403.6391 [astro-ph.EP].
Renne, P. R.; Deino, A. L.; Hilgen, F. J.; Kuiper, K. F.; Mark, D. F.; Mitchell, W. S.; Morgan, L. E.; Mundil, R.; Smit, J. (2013). "Time Scales of Critical Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary" (PDF). Science. 339 (6120): 684–687. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..684R. doi:10.1126/science.1230492. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 23393261.
"Chicxulub". Earth Impact Database. Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
Penfield, Glen (2019). "Unlikely Impact". AAPG Explorer. 40 (12): 20–23. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
St. Fleur, Nicholas (November 17, 2016). "Drilling Into the Chicxulub Crater, Ground Zero of the Dinosaur Extinction". The New York Times. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
Becker, Luann (2002). "Repeated Blows" (PDF). Scientific American. 286 (3): 76–83. Bibcode:2002SciAm.286c..76B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0302-76. PMID 11857903. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
Kornel, Katherine (September 10, 2019). "A New Timeline of the Day the Dinosaurs Began to Die Out – By drilling into the Chicxulub crater, scientists assembled a record of what happened just after the asteroid impact". The New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
Verschuur, 20–21.
Bates.
Verschuur, 20.
Weinreb.
Mason.
Hildebrand, Penfield, et al.
Hildebrand interview: 'Similar deposits of rubble occur all across the southern coast of North America […] indicate that something extraordinary happened here.'
Morás.
Frankel, 50.
Hildebrand interview.
Pope, Baines, et al.
Sharpton & Marin.
"Dinosaur extinction: Scientists estimate 'most accurate' date". BBC News. February 8, 2013.
Adamsky and Smirnov, 19.
Amos, Jonathan (May 15, 2017). "Dinosaur asteroid hit 'worst possible place'". BBC News, Science and Environment. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
Bryant, Edward (June 2014). Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard. Springer. p. 178. ISBN 978-3-319-06133-7.
Palmer, Jane (February 25, 2016). "We Finally Know How Much the Dino-Killing Asteroid Reshaped Earth". Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
Melosh, interview.
Melosh. "On the ground, you would feel an effect similar to an oven on broil, lasting for about an hour [...] causing global forest fires."
"These fossils may capture the day the dinosaurs died. Here's what you should know". Science. March 31, 2019.
Hildebrand, Penfield, et al.; 5.
Perlman.
Pope, Ocampo, et al.
Lomax, B.; Beerling D.; Upchurch Jr. G.; Otto-Bliesner B. (2001). "Rapid (10-yr) recovery of terrestrial productivity in a simulation study of the terminal Cretaceous impact event". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 192 (2): 137–144. Bibcode:2001E&PSL.192..137L. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00447-2.
Marc Airhart (January 1, 2008). "Seismic Images Show Dinosaur-Killing Meteor Made Bigger Splash".
Winemiller, Terance L. (2007), The Chicxulub Meteor Impact and Ancient Locational Decisions On the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico: the Application of Remote Sensing, GIS, and GPS in Settlement Pattern Studies (PDF), Tampa, Florida: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, retrieved October 2, 2012
Hildebrand, Penfield, et al.; 1.
Hildebrand, Penfield, et al.; 3.
Hildebrand, Penfield, et al.; 4.
"Meteor Impact Site – Earth: The biography". National Geographic. July 11, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Kring, "Discovering the Crater".
Sigurdsson.
Bottke, Vokrouhlicky, Nesvorny.
Ingham.
Plotner, Tammy (2011). "Did Asteroid Baptistina Kill the Dinosaurs? Think other WISE..." Universe Today. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
Reuters Editorial (February 2, 2010). "Smashed asteroids may be related to dinosaur killer". Reuters.
Alvarez, W. interview.
Schulte, et al., 2010
Rincon.
Renne, Paul (February 8, 2013). "Time Scales of Critical Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary" (PDF). Science. 339 (6120): 684–7. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..684R. doi:10.1126/science.1230492. PMID 23393261.
Kring, "Environment Consequences".
Keller, et al.
Alvarez.
Web Elements.
Quivx.
Mayell.
Kyte, Frank T.; Zhiming Zhou; John T. Wasson (1981). "High noble metal concentrations in a late Pliocene sediment". Nature. 292 (5822): 417–420. Bibcode:1981Natur.292..417K. doi:10.1038/292417a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
Gersonde, R.; F. T. Kyte; T. Frederichs; U. Bleil; H. W. Schenke; G. Kuhn (2005). "The late Pliocene impact of the Eltanin asteroid into the Southern Ocean – Documentation and environmental consequences" (PDF). Geophysical Research Abstracts. European Geosciences Union. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
"Stunning discovery offers glimpse of minutes following 'dinosaur-killer' Chicxulub impact". March 29, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
Broad, William J.; Chang, Kenneth (March 29, 2019). "Fossil Site Reveals Day That Meteor Hit Earth and, Maybe, Wiped Out Dinosaurs". The New York Times.
Riddle, Dawne (December 2009). "Silverpit "not crater"". Geological Society of London. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
Stewart, Allen.
Kelley, Gurov.
Stewart.
Mullen, "Multiple Impacts".
"Mass extinctions: I am become Death, destroyer of worlds". The Economist. October 22, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
Mullen, "Shiva".
Weisstein.
Than.
Dunham.
de Régules, Sergio (September 2015). "Revisiting the crater of doom". Physics World. 28 (9): 33–36. Bibcode:2015PhyW...28i..33D. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/28/9/35.
"ESO – Chicxulub K-Pg Impact Crater Expedition 364". Archived from the original on May 10, 2016.
"ICDP Homepage". www.icdp-online.org.
Amos, Jonathan (May 25, 2016). "Chicxulub 'dinosaur' crater drill project declared a success". BBC News. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
"DOSECC High Quality Core Drilling & Exploration Services".
"Liftboat Myrtle – Self-Elevating Vessel – Offshore Liftboat Services – Montco Offshore Liftboats".
"ESO – Chicxulub K-Pg Impact Crater Expedition 364". Archived from the original on May 10, 2016.
Amos, Jonathan (April 5, 2016). "Project to drill into 'dinosaur crater' gets under way". BBC News. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
Chicxulub and the Exploration of Large Peak-Ring Impact Craters through Scientific Drilling (PDF). David A. Kring, Philippe Claeys, Sean P.S. Gulick, Joanna V. Morgan, and Gareth S. Collins. The Geological Society of America. 2017.
St. Fleur, Nicholas (November 17, 2016). "Drilling Into the Chicxulub Crater, Ground Zero of the Dinosaur Extinction". The New York Times.
Hand, Eric (November 17, 2016). "Updated: Drilling of dinosaur-killing impact crater explains buried circular hills". Scientific American. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
Probing the impact-generated hydrothermal system in the peak ring of the Chicxulub crater and its potential as a habitat. (PDF) Barry J. Shaulis, Ulrich Riller, Charles Cockell, Marco J., and L. Coolen. Lunar and Planetary Science XLVIII (2017)
The Day the Dinosaurs Died, BBC2 television, July 1, 2017, 6 to 7 pm
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Further reading
Schulte, P.; Alegret, L.; Arenillas, I.; et al. (2010). "The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary" (PDF). Science. 327 (5970): 1214–18. Bibcode:2010Sci...327.1214S. doi:10.1126/science.1177265. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 20203042. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 9, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
External links
Media related to Chicxulub crater at Wikimedia Commons
Chicxulub Crater
Numerous sinkholes (Cenotes) marked around Chicxulub crater. Opens in Google Earth
NASA JPL: "A 'Smoking Gun' for Dinosaur Extinction", March 6, 2003
Chicxulub: Variations in the magnitude of the gravity field at sea level image (Lunar and Planetary Institute, USRA)
"Doubts On Dinosaurs" – Scientific American
Papers and presentations resulting from the 2016 Chicxulub drilling project
okaybut · 56-60, M
@ProfessorPlum77 Lol....she asked me for references (ie. "They think it was a meteor? Who are "they"?")
okaybut · 56-60, M
@ProfessorPlum77 Lol...stay safe and well. :)
ArishMell · 70-79, M
@okaybut @Crazychick
Was it actually all under a fairly shallow Continental Shelf sea though, or partly on land [i]at the time[/i]? The continents of the world have different shapes and dispositions throughout geological time, as do sea-levels.
The Atlantic Ocean was already well developed by then (it is still widening at about 25mm/yr); and the two American continents were quite widely separated North and South, so the Gulf of Mexico was a very wide channel linking the Pacific and Atlantic.
There is also a theory that by the time of the meteor impact, life was becoming hard for the reptiles due to climatic cooling induced by massive, long-term volcanic activity. The impact greatly worsened that.
By then the early mammals were well established, and able to withstand the changes better than the cold-blooded creatures.
By the way, it should not be imagined that "Dinosaurs" were all the enormous predator brutes lampooned by Hollywood. A few were but the entire range includes many species, both herbivore and carnivore, that were far smaller than [i]Diplodocus[/i]. Also, those species wiped out by the KT_Boundary Mass Extinction were those extant at the time. Dinosaur species had come and gone over tens of millions of years previously.
Was it actually all under a fairly shallow Continental Shelf sea though, or partly on land [i]at the time[/i]? The continents of the world have different shapes and dispositions throughout geological time, as do sea-levels.
The Atlantic Ocean was already well developed by then (it is still widening at about 25mm/yr); and the two American continents were quite widely separated North and South, so the Gulf of Mexico was a very wide channel linking the Pacific and Atlantic.
There is also a theory that by the time of the meteor impact, life was becoming hard for the reptiles due to climatic cooling induced by massive, long-term volcanic activity. The impact greatly worsened that.
By then the early mammals were well established, and able to withstand the changes better than the cold-blooded creatures.
By the way, it should not be imagined that "Dinosaurs" were all the enormous predator brutes lampooned by Hollywood. A few were but the entire range includes many species, both herbivore and carnivore, that were far smaller than [i]Diplodocus[/i]. Also, those species wiped out by the KT_Boundary Mass Extinction were those extant at the time. Dinosaur species had come and gone over tens of millions of years previously.