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Cuban government policies and economic model also play a central role: state control of major sectors, centralized price/subsidy systems, inefficient allocation, lack of incentives for private enterprise, and restrictions on domestic markets affect production, distribution, and housing.
Global factors — loss of key trade partners (e.g., Soviet bloc collapse historically), international commodity prices, natural disasters (hurricanes), and global supply-chain shifts — have materially impacted living standards.
Domestic governance, corruption, and bureaucracy contribute to mismanagement, poor investment decisions, and slow private‑sector development.
External actors beyond the U.S. (other countries’ sanctions, trade policies, or investment decisions) also influence Cuba’s economy.
Net effect: U.S. measures are a major and durable negative factor but interact with Cuban domestic choices and global events. Responsibility for Cuba’s economic hardships is shared across U.S. policy, Cuban government decisions, and broader international and natural‑shock factors.
