@
yrger In Science we have the theory of evolution. The theory of evolution is an educated guess as to how diversity among lifeforms has appeared and changed over time. Using fossil records at first, and then being backed by observable occurrences in our own world, we have been able to make numerous predictions about what should exist in the gaps of our fossil record. Though not proven true, we have found additional fossils over time that meet the predictions and reinforce the model.
Philosophy uses deductive reasoning to try to arrive at truthful statements. If all humans are primates and I am a human, then I am a primate. The thing is that the premises need to be built upon well supported science or mathematics. The process of scientific inquiry reinforces the premise that I am human. The scientific process reinforces the premise that humans are primates. We could do all kinds of experiments to show that scientifically I am a primate. Or we could use reason to deduce that I am a primate because we have knowledge of the starting premises through science.
An example where philosophy falls apart is the cosmological argument, which is something you are leaning heavily into without directly reinforces it.
The cosmological argument states that
1) Things exist.
2) All things that exist must have a cause
3) Therefore, there must be something that caused everything else to exist
4) That thing is God
The big problem resides with premise 2. We don't know that all things must have a cause. But if we take that as true, we reach another line of deductive reasoning that shows the flaw in the argument.
If all things that exist must have a cause, then God must have a cause as well.
If God does not have a cause, then God should not exist.
If God does exists but has no cause, then things can exist without cause and argument 2 is invalid and thus we cannot deduce further from it.