Could a person qualify for disability with just one documentation of a major back problem that accompanies arthritis?

get a lawyer.. i did and it still took several years...no lawyer and you might not win..
Binder & Binder® | Social Security Disability Law Firm they are pro bono which means they cost nothing just take a slice of your settlement when ya win..
https://www.binderandbinder.com/
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They usually have people running through hoops to get disability. I worked with a woman 11 years ago, she was a cashier. She injured her back after lifting something heavy at work. Took over 2 years to get her disability and she and her grown son both ended up homeless till she got her settlement and back pay.

Find the YouTube series of videos "The Disability Digest".

Watch them all, you'll learn a Lot from these people who Are also Disabled, but you'd never know by looking at some of them. They've been through all the bullshit and know the routine needed to win.

Maybe. It took us years and multiple applications to get the wife qualified for disability after she had a brain tumor and uterine cancer, so YMMV.

Not in my country.