Demaris Sea Power

Y chromosome (NRY) is now a widely used tool to trace the origin and migration events of modern humans.1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Detailed characterization of Y-chromosome phylogeny has permitted researchers to reveal previously inaccessible details of human demographic history.6, 7, 8 Y-chromosome haplogroup O-M175 is the prominent lineage in East Asia populations, comprises ~75% of the male populations in China2, 9, 10, 11 and ~87% in Southeast Asia.12, 13, 14 O-M134 is one of the most frequent sub-lineages of O-M175, which represent ~30 million people in East Asia (Supplementary Figure S1). The frequency of O*-M134(xM117) varies in different regions, namely China (~11.4%),12 Japan (~3.6%),15 Korea (~9.6%),16 Mongolia (~4.1%),17 Thailand (~11.6%)18 and Khasi in India (~16.6%).17 This paragroup also has been found at high frequency in some Kazakhs (26.1%).19 Despite its abundance and wide distribution, the phylogeny of O-M134 has not been adequately resolved with respect to O-00261120 and O-M95.21 To date, the only marker investigated in literatures internal to O-M134 has been M117, and this was not sufficient to resolve the phylogeny of the populations belonging to this haplogroup.22 New data from high-throughput sequencing allowed the identification of more explicit branching structure within the entire Y-chromosome tree.23 More than 200 potential single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of haplogroup O-M134 were discovered by hybridization capture and Illumina sequencing of 22 Han Chinese male Y chromosomes.23 Using 10 SNPs (F444, F629, F3451, F46, F48, F209, F2887, F3386, F1739 and F152), we genotyped >1300 Chinese males and updated the phylogenetic structure of haplogroup O-M134.

This review addresses the distribution of genetic markers of immunoglobulin G (Gm) among 130 Mongoloid populations in the world. These markers allowed the populations to be clearly divided into 2 groups, the northern and southern groups. The northern group is characterized by high frequencies of 2 marker genes, ag and ab3st, and an extremely low frequency of the marker gene afb1b3; and the southern group, in contrast, is indicated by a remarkably high frequency of afb1b3 and low frequencies of ag and ab3st. Based on the geographical distribution of the markers and gene flow of Gm ag and ab3st (northern Mongoloid marker genes) from northeast Asia to the Japanese archipelago, the Japanese population belongs basically to the northern Mongoloid group and is thus suggested to have originated in northeast Asia, most likely in the Baikal area of Siberia.