Do you believe in Global Warming ( before you answer ......know CO 2 is essential for life

actually

The Votok Ice Core samples
indicate CO 2 levels that go back 40000 years are clyclical
way before Henry Ford invented the automobile



Atmospheric Trace Gases » CO2 » Vostok Ice Core
Historical Carbon Dioxide Record from the Vostok Ice Core

graphics Graphics data Data
Investigators

J.-M. Barnola, D. Raynaud, C. Lorius
Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Géophysique de l'Environnement,
CNRS, BP96,
38402 Saint Martin d'Heres Cedex, France

N.I. Barkov
Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute,
Beringa Street 38, 199397,
St. Petersburg, Russia
Period of Record

417,160 - 2,342 years BP
Methods

In January 1998, the collaborative ice-drilling project between Russia, the United States, and France at the Russian Vostok station in East Antarctica yielded the deepest ice core ever recovered, reaching a depth of 3,623 m (Petit et al. 1997, 1999). Ice cores are unique with their entrapped air inclusions enabling direct records of past changes in atmospheric trace-gas composition. Preliminary data indicate the Vostok ice-core record extends through four climate cycles, with ice slightly older than 400 kyr (Petit et al. 1997, 1999). Because air bubbles do not close at the surface of the ice sheet but only near the firn-ice transition (that is, at ~90 m below the surface at Vostok), the air extracted from the ice is younger than the surrounding ice (Barnola et al. 1991). Using semiempirical models of densification applied to past Vostok climate conditions, Barnola et al. (1991) reported that the age difference between air and ice may be ~6000 years during the coldest periods instead of ~4000 years, as previously assumed. Ice samples were cut with a bandsaw in a cold room (at about -15°C) as close as possible to the center of the core in order to avoid surface contamination (Barnola et al. 1983). Gas extraction and measurements were performed with the "Grenoble analytical setup," which involved crushing the ice sample (~40 g) under vacuum in a stainless steel container without melting it, expanding the gas released during the crushing in a pre-evacuated sampling loop, and analyzing the CO2 concentrations by gas chromatography (Barnola et al. 1983). The analytical system, except for the stainless steel container in which the ice was crushed, was calibrated for each ice sample measurement with a standard mixture of CO2 in nitrogen and oxygen. For further details on the experimental procedures and the dating of the successive ice layers at Vostok, see Barnola et al. (1987, 1991), Lorius et al. (1985), and Petit et al. (1999).
Map showing location of Vostok, Antarctica

Vostok, Antarctica
78°28' S, 106°48'E
3488 m above MSL

The data presented include the updates discussed in Pepin et al. (2001)
Trends

There is a close correlation between Antarctic temperature and atmospheric concentrations of CO2 (Barnola et al. 1987). The extension of the Vostok CO2 record shows that the main trends of CO2 are similar for each glacial cycle. Major transitions from the lowest to the highest values are associated with glacial-interglacial transitions. During these transitions, the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 rises from 180 to 280-300 ppmv (Petit et al. 1999). The extension of the Vostok CO2 record shows the present-day levels of CO2 are unprecedented during the past 420 kyr. Pre-industrial Holocene levels (~280 ppmv) are found during all interglacials, with the highest values (~300 ppmv) found approximately 323 kyr BP. When the Vostok ice core data were compared with other ice core data (Delmas et al. 1980; Neftel et al. 1982) for the past 30,000 - 40,000 years, good agreement was found between the records: all show low CO2 values [~200 parts per million by volume (ppmv)] during the Last Glacial Maximum and increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations associated with the glacial-Holocene transition. According to Barnola et al. (1991) and Petit et al. (1999) these measurements indicate that, at the beginning of the deglaciations, the CO2 increase either was in phase or lagged by less than ~1000 years with respect to the Antarctic temperature, whereas it clearly lagged behind the temperature at the onset of the glaciations.
References

Barnola, J.-M., D. Raynaud, A. Neftel, and H. Oeschger. 1983. Comparison of CO2 measurements by two laboratories on air from bubbles in polar ice. Nature 303:410-13.
Barnola, J.-M., D. Raynaud, Y.S. Korotkevich, and C. Lorius. 1987. Vostok ice core provides 160,000-year record of atmospheric CO2. Nature 329:408-14.
Barnola, J.-M., P. Pimienta, D. Raynaud, and Y.S. Korotkevich. 1991. CO2-climate relationship as deduced from the Vostok ice core: A re-examination based on new measurements and on a re-evaluation of the air dating. Tellus 43(B):83- 90.
Delmas, R.J., J.-M. Ascencio, and M. Legrand. 1980. Polar ice evidence that atmospheric CO2 20,000 yr BP was 50% of present. Nature 284:155-57.
Jouzel, J., C. Lorius, J.R. Petit, C. Genthon, N.I. Barkov, V.M. Kotlyakov, and V.M. Petrov. 1987. Vostok ice core: A continuous isotopic temperature record over the last climatic cycle (160,000 years). Nature 329:403-8.
Lorius, C., J. Jouzel, C. Ritz, L. Merlivat, N.I. Barkov, Y.S. Korotkevich, and V.M. Kotlyakov. 1985. A 150,000-year climatic record from Antarctic ice. Nature 316:591-96.
Neftel, A., H. Oeschger, J. Schwander, B. Stauffer, and R. Zumbrunn. 1982. Ice core measurements give atmospheric CO2 content during the past 40,000 yr. Nature 295:220-23.
Pepin, L., D. Raynaud, J.-M. Barnola, and M.F. Loutre. 2001. Hemispheric roles of climate forcings during glacial-interglacial transitions as deduced from the Vostok record and LLN-2D model experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research 106 (D23): 31,885-31,892.
Petit, J.R., I. Basile, A. Leruyuet, D. Raynaud, C. Lorius, J. Jouzel, M. Stievenard, V.Y. Lipenkov, N.I. Barkov, B.B. Kudryashov, M. Davis, E. Saltzman, and V. Kotlyakov. 1997. Four climate cycles in Vostok ice core. Nature 387: 359-360.
Petit, J.R., J. Jouzel, D. Raynaud, N.I. Barkov, J.-M. Barnola, I. Basile, M. Benders, J. Chappellaz, M. Davis, G. Delayque, M. Delmotte, V.M. Kotlyakov, M. Legrand, V.Y. Lipenkov, C. Lorius, L. Pépin, C. Ritz, E. Saltzman, and M. Stievenard. 1999. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399: 429-436.
Raynaud, D., and J.-M. Barnola. 1985. An Antarctic ice core reveals atmospheric CO2 variations over the past few centuries. Nature 315:309-11.

CITE AS: Barnola, J.-M., D. Raynaud, C. Lorius, and N.I. Barkov. 2003. Historical CO2 record from the Vostok ice core. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.

Revised February 2003

It's not a matter of belief.. it's science..
Water is essential for life, but you can drown nonetheless... O2 is essential for life, but too much is toxic....

CO2 levels increased dramatically over the past century... And I'm pretty sure some people take that topic for a ride and get filthy rich on it ...

... But that doesn't make it less true

Or from the London School of Economics?????


The Mail on Sunday’ admits publishing more fake news about climate change

Commentary 22 April, 2018

‘The Mail on Sunday’ newspaper has been forced to publish a statement today admitting that two more articles it published last year about climate change were fake news.

It is the latest humiliation for the newspaper which has been misleading its readers for many years about the causes and potential consequences of climate change.

The statement, published on page 2 of today’s print edition, concedes that news stories by its reporter David Rose, published on 12 and 19 February 2017, were inaccurate and misleading, in breach of the Editors’ Code of Practice.

They repeated false claims, originally published by ‘The Mail on Sunday’ on 5 February 2017, about a study by American scientists showing that the so-called ‘hiatus’ in global warming never occurred. The newspaper wrongly stated that the study was based on “faulty data” and had “duped world leaders”.

The online version of Mr Rose’s fake news report fooled many people around the world, including Lamar Smith, the Republican Chair of the House of Representatives Committee on Science, Space and Technology in the United States.

I wrote to the newspaper on 6 February 2017 to point out the serious errors in Mr Rose’s article, but it refused to publish it in its next edition on 12 February.

Instead it featured another article by Mr Rose under the headline ‘How can we trust global warming scientists if they keep twisting the truth?’. A sub-heading stated: ‘His revelation that world leaders were duped over vital data sparked fury from the climate change lobby. Here is our reporter’s uncompromising response…’.

The article reproduced many of the false claims that were published on 5 February, representing a breach of Clause 1ii) of the Editors’ Code of Practice, which states: “A significant inaccuracy, misleading statement or distortion must be corrected, promptly and with due prominence, and — where appropriate — an apology published”.

I had also submitted a complaint on 7 February to the Independent Press Standards Organisation(IPSO), which has been set up and funded by a few British newspapers, including ‘The Mail on Sunday’, to enforce compliance with the Editors’ Code of Practice.

However, the newspaper still refused to publish any correspondence to correct Mr Rose’s mistakes. On 19 February, it published yet another article by Mr Rose which contained many of the same falsehoods, under the headline: ‘US Congress probe into climate data that duped leaders’.

IPSO launched an investigation into the 5 February 2017 article as a result of my complaint, and eventually ruled that it had breached the Editors’ Code of Practice. On 17 September 2017, the newspaper published a 647-word “adverse adjudication”by IPSO.

But the newspaper did not correct the articles published on 12 and 19 February, so I submitted a second complaint to IPSO.

‘The Mail on Sunday’ has finally accepted today that those articles were also inaccurate and misleading. Its correction, published 14 months later, states:

“In September, 2017, the Independent Press Standards Organisation upheld a complaint against a February 5 article ‘Exposed: How world leaders were duped over global warming.’ Two subsequent articles on February 12 and February 19 contained claims regarding an influential study about global warming, which have been found to be in breach of the Editors’ Code: namely the claim that the study was known- irrefutably and as fact – to be critically flawed, based on misleading unverified data, and had led world leaders to be duped by its findings. Corrections to these articles have been published online.”

It is important to note that IPSO applied the very weakest of veracity teststo the articles by Mr Rose. It did not rule on whether the content was inaccurate, but instead assessed only if they had accurately reported the false allegations made by Dr John Bates.

This episode exposes the disregard for accuracy that is frequently shown by ‘The Mail on Sunday’ and Mr Rose when covering climate change and other issues. When I pointed out to the newspaper that Mr Rose’s article of 5 February was wrong, it was not interested in correcting it. It chose instead to publish error-filled articles on 12 and 19 February that were filled with his characteristic hubris.

Altogether, five of Mr Rose’s articles have been shown to be false over the past year, with IPSO adjudications published on 6 August, 17 September and 24 September 2017.

Given these persistent breaches of the Editors’ Code of Practice, the question is whether IPSO will now undertake a standards investigation into ‘The Mail on Sunday’. According to the IPSO website, such action is taken when “it has serious concerns about the behaviour or actions of one or more of its members”, including when “there may have been serious and systemic breaches of the Editors’ Code”.

Bob Ward is policy and communications director at the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and the ESRC Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy at the London School of Economics and Political Science.

Global warming and climate change are concepts that have absolutely nothing to do with the idea that co2 is toxic. You’re showing some serious ignorance here, probably intentionally.

Ever hear of too much of a good thing? It's pretty well defined that higher co2 leads to greenhouse warming of the atmosphere. You can deny it all you want but it's not going to change the facts. You are not entitled to your opinion, you are entitled only to an informed opinion.

You're an idiot.

And apples are good to eat, but they contain arsenic. Anything in the wrong amount becomes toxic to a human.