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Alyosha Rights are usually initially based in traditions sanctioned by the ruling group (the rights of aristocratic Englishmen, say), and have something to do with what your group norms allow you to pursue as projects.
But then you agree that the enforcment and granting of rights is tied to a form of governance.
You conflate freedom with rights although we could have a philosophical discussion whether someone purely living off of nature is truly free. In that state of being rights aren't existant. They are abstracts and take forms in regulated systems that grant you certain things and prohibit others. In a functioning society you wouldn't be allowed to just impose and take away rights of others.
their right to violate your rights on you, which brings out how having all rights is itself self-contradictory
There is no "all rights" because rights are always pre - defined in a society. Of course being allowed to violate rights defeats the purpose of implementing any in the first place.
That's why the right to hit a child and granting kids the right to a childhood free of violence won't and can't coexist.
when Western nations were already relatively well off
No they just went through two world wars and the atrocities of the Nazi regime played a huge part in ensuring Human rights in order to prevent such cruelty from happening again.