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What are some unique weather phenomenon names?

How about [b]Siberian Express[/b], or [b]Polar Vortex[/b]? By the way, I've experienced both of those in the 35 years that I've been in the Chicago area, believe me...
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Towering Squall.

When the atmosphere loses stability beyond reasonable recourse, powerful straight-line winds will drop down, covering a rather large area, and will continuously blow until the atmospheric stability evens out.

With how Earth's atmosphere is structured, this type of event is not likely to ever occur, but if it did, it would do damage far worse than any wind storm ever could, even putting the strongest EF5 tornadoes to shame.

No, this type of shit you could expect on Venus and Mars, even worse on Jupiter. Mercury has no atmosphere at all, like Earth's satellite (moon).

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Thundersnow

When a snow storm becomes electrically charged, you'll have snowfall, and lightning strikes. The likelihood of being struck by lightning in a thundersnow storm is 4,000% higher due to ice crystals being even more conducive to electricity than rain. On the other side of that coin, hail deflects and absorbs electricity (but you often see either lightning or hail).

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Acid Rain

When precipitation absorbs enough low pH particles to become acidic, it will fall as acid rain. In truth, acid rain is less uncommon than most people think, but the majority of the areas that deal with acid rain the most often are regions where the human populations are low, like rain forests and deserts (yes, deserts due to the various salts in the dust).

Most acid rain is at lowest, 5.5 on the pH scale. That is not much of a problem, but prolonged exposure will cause those affected to reek badly, and their clothes will definitely be weaker for it.

Acid rain only becomes an issue if the average pH (the pH will fluctuate as each drop will be different) is 4.3 or less. That's when you start having issues with erosion of skin, metal, cement, wood, and so on.

Acid rain caused by pollution/ash clouds/fires usually has a range of 4.5 to 6 on the pH scale (normal rainfall has a range of 6.3 to 8.1), but even that will be affected by regional climate. Areas where there is a lot of aerial dust will typically see harsher acid rain.

I do believe that the worst acid rain storm in history here had a pH of about 3.7. It destroyed lots of buildings, eroded sturdy plantlife to beyond saving, killed thousands of people, injured countless more, and completely soiled the water supply, leading to more fatalities. The cause is believed to be geological activity combined with very moist air and the season being Spring, but this was back in 1740's Central America.