Monarchies in Europe

As of 2025, there are twelve sovereign monarchies in Europe, largely operating as constitutional, ceremonial systems with limited political power. These include seven kingdoms (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, UK, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium), three principalities (Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco), one grand duchy (Luxembourg), and the Vatican City.

List of European Monarchies (2025):
Andorra: Co-Principality (shared by the President of France and Bishop of Urgell)

Belgium: Kingdom, King Philippe

Denmark: Kingdom, Queen Margrethe II (longest-serving)

Liechtenstein: Principality, Prince Hans-Adam II

Luxembourg: Grand Duchy, Grand Duke Henri

Monaco: Principality, Prince Albert II

Netherlands: Kingdom, King Willem-Alexander

Norway: Kingdom, King Harald V

Spain: Kingdom, King Felipe VI

Sweden: Kingdom, King Carl XVI Gustaf

United Kingdom: Kingdom, King Charles III

Vatican City: Elective, Absolute Theocratic Monarchy (Pope)

Key Characteristics:
Role: Most are constitutional monarchies where the monarch serves a largely ceremonial role, acting as a symbol of national unity.

Exceptions: Liechtenstein and Monaco are exceptions where the Prince retains significantly more power, such as vetoing legislation.

Oldest Monarchy: The Kingdom of Denmark is considered the oldest continuing monarchy in Europe.

History: Following World War I, many European monarchies were abolished, reducing them to the current twelve.