Aviation experts and flight analysis details from The Jerusalem Post and Firstpost highlight several factors that prevented a total midair breakup:
• Designed for Ultimate Dive Speed (\(V_d/M_d\)): Commercial airliners are legally required to be engineered with safety buffers far beyond normal operating limits. This includes testing for extreme dive speeds and aerodynamic loads.
• The Precision of the Pullout: When passengers and crew intervened to pull back on the control column, the maneuver was aggressive enough to stop the dive but gradual enough to avoid immediate structural failure.
• Withstanding Extreme G-Forces: The aircraft experienced an estimated vertical load peaking at 3.08Gs. While this crossed the 737 MAX's standard operating limit of 2.5Gs, it remained just within the ultimate structural margins the metal and composites could temporarily tolerate before snapping.
• Calculated Sacrificial Damage: As reported by CBC News, the airframe shed its rudder due to the extreme 600-knot airflow. By tearing away a non-critical portion of the tail rather than the primary horizontal stabilizers or wings, the main body remained intact enough to maintain a level flight path.