HIV was identified in 1984. Researchers have yet to develop a vaccine. Does the public understand that developing a vaccine isn't necessarily easy?
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flipper1966 · M
[quote]For those pinning their hopes on a COVID-19 vaccine to return life to normal, an Australian expert in vaccine development has a reality check — it probably won't happen soon.
The reality is that this particular coronavirus is posing challenges that scientists haven't dealt with before, according to Ian Frazer from the University of Queensland.
Professor Frazer was involved in the successful development of the vaccine for the human papilloma virus which causes cervical cancer — a vaccine which took years of work to develop.
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He said the challenge is that coronaviruses have historically been hard to make safe vaccines for, partly because the virus infects the upper respiratory tract, which our immune system isn't great at protecting.
And while we have vaccines for seasonal influenza, HPV and other diseases, creating a new vaccine isn't as simple as taking an existing one and swapping the viruses, said Larisa Labzin, an immunologist from the University of Queensland.[/quote]
@Paliglass @Kazuya69
Kazuya69 · 31-35, M
@flipper1966 "[b]we know from studies on SARS-CoV-1 and the related MERS-CoV vaccines that the S protein on the surface of the virus is an ideal target for a vaccine.[/b] In SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, this protein interacts with the receptor ACE2, and antibodies targeting the spike can interfere with this binding, thereby neutralizing the virus. The structure of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 was solved in record time at high resolution, contributing to our understanding of this vaccine target (Lan et al., 2020a, Wrapp et al., 2020). Therefore, we have a target antigen that can be incorporated into advanced vaccine platforms."
"[b]Several vaccines for SARS-CoV-1 were developed and tested[/b], including recombinant S-protein-based vaccines, attenuated and whole inactivated vaccines, and vectored vaccines (Roper and Rehm, 2009). Most of these vaccines protect animals from challenge with SARS-CoV-1, although many do not induce sterilizing immunity. In some cases, vaccination with the live virus results in complications, including lung damage and infiltration of eosinophils in a mouse model (e.g., Bolles et al., 2011, Tseng et al., 2012) and liver damage in ferrets (e.g., Weingartl et al., 2004). In another study, vaccination with inactivated SARS-CoV-1 led to enhancement of disease in one NHP, whereas it protected 3 animals from challenge (Wang et al., 2016). The same study identified certain epitopes on the S protein as protective, whereas immunity to others seemed to be enhancing disease. However, in almost all cases, vaccination is associated with greater survival, reduced virus titers, and/or less morbidity compared with that in unvaccinated animals. [b]Similar findings have been reported for MERS-CoV vaccines[/b] (Agrawal et al., 2016, Houser et al., 2017). Therefore, whereas vaccines for related coronaviruses are efficacious in animal models, we need to ensure that the vaccines, which are developed for SARS-CoV-2, are sufficiently safe."
this comes from the current SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Status Report
As reported form all current labs working on a vaccine. Including the national Labs I was involved with.
US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health
There is alot more to the over all repost on each of these viruses. The problem is developing a SAFE vaccine. Not that we have never created one.
"[b]Several vaccines for SARS-CoV-1 were developed and tested[/b], including recombinant S-protein-based vaccines, attenuated and whole inactivated vaccines, and vectored vaccines (Roper and Rehm, 2009). Most of these vaccines protect animals from challenge with SARS-CoV-1, although many do not induce sterilizing immunity. In some cases, vaccination with the live virus results in complications, including lung damage and infiltration of eosinophils in a mouse model (e.g., Bolles et al., 2011, Tseng et al., 2012) and liver damage in ferrets (e.g., Weingartl et al., 2004). In another study, vaccination with inactivated SARS-CoV-1 led to enhancement of disease in one NHP, whereas it protected 3 animals from challenge (Wang et al., 2016). The same study identified certain epitopes on the S protein as protective, whereas immunity to others seemed to be enhancing disease. However, in almost all cases, vaccination is associated with greater survival, reduced virus titers, and/or less morbidity compared with that in unvaccinated animals. [b]Similar findings have been reported for MERS-CoV vaccines[/b] (Agrawal et al., 2016, Houser et al., 2017). Therefore, whereas vaccines for related coronaviruses are efficacious in animal models, we need to ensure that the vaccines, which are developed for SARS-CoV-2, are sufficiently safe."
this comes from the current SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Status Report
As reported form all current labs working on a vaccine. Including the national Labs I was involved with.
US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health
There is alot more to the over all repost on each of these viruses. The problem is developing a SAFE vaccine. Not that we have never created one.
Kazuya69 · 31-35, M
@flipper1966 "He said the challenge is that coronaviruses have historically been hard to make safe vaccines for, partly because the virus infects the upper respiratory tract, which our immune system isn't great at protecting."
This is very true and the main issue with any covid vaccines,
This is very true and the main issue with any covid vaccines,